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VERB: क्रिया
In a world where words can’t always capture our experiences, it can be frustrating to express ourselves fully. But fear not! Verbs are here to save the day. Think of them as the action heroes of language. They’re the words that show us what’s happening – whether it’s running, laughing, or even dreaming. So, let’s explore how verbs work their magic. Together, we’ll learn how to turn everyday moments into exciting stories, using simple yet powerful words to share our adventures with the world.
Meaning of Verbs
Verbs are the dynamic drivers of language! They convey action, state, and occurrence, allowing us to express ourselves effectively. From describing simple actions like “walk” to complex emotions like “love,” verbs play a vital role in communication. Understanding different types of verbs and their forms is essential for constructing meaningful sentences. Let’s explore the diverse world of verbs and how they shape our language, paving the way for clearer and more impactful communication.
क्रिया वे शब्द होते हैं जो किसी कार्य के होने या करने अथवा किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की स्थिति का बोध कराते हैं।
Definition of Verbs
Verbs are words that convey actions, events, or states within a sentence. They are essential elements of speech that indicate what the subject of the sentence is doing or the condition it is in. Verbs come in various forms to convey different tenses, moods, and voices, allowing for precise communication of actions and events.
Verbs को वाक्य का कर्मचारी कहा जा सकता है। वे काफी काम करते हैं, जैसे कि क्रिया, स्थिति, या घटनाएँ दिखाना, और वाक्य को आगे बढ़ाने में मदद करते हैं।
There are 3 types of verbs:
1. Action Verbs:
Meaning: Action verbs signify the actions or activities performed by the subject in a sentence, whether physical or mental.
Action verbs यह बताते है कि वाक्य में एक व्यक्ति क्या कर रहा है
Points to remember:
- They represent tangible actions that someone or something performs.
- Action verbs can express physical actions (e.g., run, jump, swim) or mental actions (e.g., think, believe, imagine).
- These verbs are central to storytelling and narrative construction, driving the plot forward by illustrating characters’ actions and behaviors.
- Action verbs are often the main point of sentences, providing clarity and specificity to the action being described.
Examples:
The dog ran across the garden.
कुत्ता बगीचे में भाग गया।
I saw him running early morning.
मैंने उसे सुबह-सुबह दौड़ते हुए देखा।
He loves eating fruits.
उसे फल खाना बहुत पसंद है।
My brother accepted the job offer.
मेरे भाई ने नौकरी का offer स्वीकार कर लिया।
They bought a new car.
उन्होंने एक नई car खरीदी।
Rita screamed on seeing a shadow outside.
बाहर परछाई देखकर Rita चीख पड़ी।
2. Linking Verbs:
Meaning: Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes or renames it.
यह वाक्य के विषय को उस शब्द से जोड़ता है जो विषय के बारे में जानकारी देता है।
Points to remember:
They serve as a bridge between the subject and its attributes, such as identity, condition, or characteristics.
Common linking verbs include “is,” “am,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “seem,” “become,” “appear,” “feel,” “sound,” and “look.”
Linking verbs are crucial for describing the subject’s state of existence, condition, or appearance rather than its actions.
They are often used to predicate an assertion about the subject or to provide additional information about its attributes.
Examples:
Jane is fond of spicy food.
Jane को मसालेदार खाने का बहुत शौक है.
He looked exhausted after working all night.
रात भर काम करने के बाद वह थका हुआ लग रहा था।
The food tastes delicious.
खाना स्वादिष्ट लगता है।
The children enjoyed playing in the park.
बच्चों ने park में खेलने का लुत्फ उठाया।
I felt sleepy after eating the whole pizza.
पूरा pizza खाकर मुझे नींद आने लगी।
3. Helping Verbs:
Meaning: Helping verbs, also known as auxiliary verbs, assist the main verb in expressing various grammatical functions such as tense, mood, voice, or emphasis.
Helping verbs main verbs से पहले आते है और main verb को यह बताने में मदद करते है कि विषय क्या करता है।
Points to remember:
They work in conjunction with the main verb to convey nuances of time, possibility, necessity, or condition.
Helping verbs contribute to the formation of verb phrases, helping to express complex ideas or relationships within a sentence.
Common helping verbs include “is,” “am,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “have,” “has,” “had,” “do,” “does,” “did,” “will,” “shall,” “would,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” and “must.”
Helping verbs play a crucial role in indicating the verb’s tense (past, present, future), mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive), voice (active, passive), or emphasis (certainty, obligation, permission).
Examples:
- My sister can ride her bicycle.
मेरी बहन अपनी cycle की सवारी कर सकती है।
- Rita told me she might get married soon.
Rita ने मुझसे कहा कि वह जल्द ही शादी कर सकती है।
- He was given the prize.
उसे prize दिया गया।
- I have grown potatoes before.
मैं पहले भी आलू उगा चुका हूं।
- They are planning to visit us this summer.
वे इस गर्मी में हमसे मिलने की योजना बना रहे हैं।
- My mother is making dinner for us.
मेरी माँ हमारे लिए रात का खाना बना रही है।
- I will read two books this weekend.
मैं इस सप्ताह के अंत में दो किताबें पढ़ूंगा।
- I am not going to school today.
मैं आज school नहीं जा रहा हूँ।
- He didn’t go back home yesterday night.
कल रात वह घर नहीं लौटा।
Practice Exercises:
Identify Action Verbs in the following:
- Please close the door.
कृपया दरवाज़ा बंद करें।
- I answered the phone.
मैंने phone का जवाब दिया।
- Jane napped for a while.
Jane ने थोड़ी देर के लिए झपकी ली।
- Dad is waiting for dinner
पिताजी रात के खाने के लिए इंतज़ार कर रहे हैं
- Steve cried when his mother left for the airport.
Steve रोया जब उसकी माँ हवाई अड्डे के लिए रवाना हुई।
- My sister received the best student’s award.
मेरी बहन को सर्वश्रेष्ठ छात्र का पुरस्कार मिला।
- It seems hot in here.
यहाँ गर्मी लगती है।
- She couldn’t be happier.
वह ज्यादा खुश नहीं हो सकती।
- I frowned at my brother.
मैं अपने भाई पर भड़क गया।
- Let’s climb trees for fun.
मौज-मस्ती के लिए पेड़ों पर चढ़ें।
Point out the underlined verbs as Linking or Action:
1.He seems upset about the announcement.
वह इस घोषणा से परेशान नजर आ रहे हैं.
2. He became sick after working in the heat.
गर्मी में काम करने से वह बीमार हो गया
3. He smells his food before eating.
वह खाने से पहले अपने भोजन को सूंघता है।
4. She read the book only to cry afterward.
उसने बाद में रोने के लिए ही किताब पढ़ी।
5. He seems drunk.
वह नशे में लगता है।
6. The food was too spicy to eat.
खाना बहुत मसालेदार था।
Identify the Helping Verbs:
- Olympics are held every four years.
Olympics हर चार साल में आयोजित किए जाते हैं।
- She is baking a cake.
वह cake बना रही है।
- We are walking to the park.
हम park की ओर चल रहे हैं।
- I haven’t met him yet after vacation.
मैं छुट्टी के बाद भी उनसे नहीं मिला।
- All of them are having a wonderful time.
वे सभी एक अद्भुत समय बिता रहे है।
Importance of verbs:
Conveying Actions: Verbs are primarily responsible for indicating actions within a sentence. They portray what someone or something is doing, whether it’s running, laughing, eating, or sleeping.
For instance:
“She runs in the park every morning.”
“They laughed at the joke.”
Expressing Emotions: Verbs also help convey emotions and feelings, adding depth and nuance to our expressions. They enable us to communicate joy, sadness, excitement, fear, and a myriad of other emotions.
For example:
“He cried tears of happiness.”
“She sighed with relief.”
Indicating Existence: Verbs are essential for indicating existence or states of being. They show whether someone or something exists, persists, or changes state.
For example:
“The stars twinkle in the night sky.”
“The flowers bloom in the spring.”
Forming Verb Phrases: Verbs can also form verb phrases, which consist of a main verb along with one or more helping verbs. This allows for more complex sentence structures and tenses.
For instance:
“She has been studying for hours.”
“They will be arriving shortly.”
Tenses and Verb Forms: Past, Present, and Future
Verbs are incredible time travelers! They have the remarkable ability to bend time by changing their forms to indicate when something happens. Understanding the different tenses—past, present, and future—allows us to navigate through time within our sentences, providing clarity about the timing of actions or events.
Verbs काफी समय की घटनाओं को सूचित करने के लिए अपने रूप को बदलते हैं, जैसे कि पूर्व, वर्तमान, और भविष्य।
Past Tense:
The past tense is like a window to the past, allowing us to talk about actions or events that have already occurred. It indicates that the action took place at some point before the present moment. In English, the past tense of regular verbs is usually formed by adding “-ed” to the base form of the verb. For irregular verbs, the past tense forms vary and must be memorized.
Example: “She played basketball yesterday.”
In this sentence, the verb “played” indicates that the action of playing basketball occurred in the past, specifically yesterday.
Present Tense:
The present tense is all about what’s happening right now, at the current moment. It describes actions that are habitual, ongoing, or generally true. Verbs in the present tense typically remain unchanged for most subjects, except for the third-person singular, where an “-s” or “-es” is added to the base form of regular verbs.
Example: “He eats breakfast every morning.”
Here, the verb “eats” is in the present tense, indicating a habitual action that occurs regularly, every morning.
Future Tense:
The future tense allows us to talk about actions or events that are yet to happen, indicating that they will occur after the present moment. In English, the future tense is often formed using auxiliary verbs like “will” or “shall,” followed by the base form of the main verb.
Example: “They will go to the park tomorrow.”
In this sentence, the verb “will go” expresses a future action, indicating that the action of going to the park will take place tomorrow.
Understanding and correctly using these three tenses—past, present, and future—enable us to convey information about the timing of actions or events with precision and clarity.
Subject-Verb Agreement: Ensuring Proper Concordance
Subject-verb agreement is like making sure everyone in a group is on the same page—it’s all about ensuring that the verb matches its subject in number. Whether the subject is singular or plural, the verb needs to agree with it to maintain proper grammar harmony.
कल्पना कीजिए, एक राजा और उसकी सेना है। राजा (subject) को आदेश देना होता है (verb)। यदि राजा अकेला है (“वह”) तो आदेश भी एकवचन होगा (“जाता है”)। लेकिन यदि पूरी सेना (“वे”) उसके साथ है, तो आदेश भी बहुवचन होगा (“जाते हैं”)।
Singular Subject:
When the subject of a sentence is singular, meaning it refers to one person, animal, thing, or concept, the corresponding verb must also be singular. This means it ends with “-s” or “-es” in the present tense for regular verbs.
Example: “The cat sleeps.”
In this sentence, “cat” is the singular subject, and “sleeps” is the singular verb that agrees with it. Because “cat” refers to just one animal, we use the singular form of the verb “sleep.”
Plural Subject:
Conversely, when the subject of a sentence is plural, indicating more than one person, animal, thing, or concept, the verb should also be plural. This means it does not end with “-s” or “-es” in the present tense for regular verbs.
Example: “The cats sleep.”
Here, “cats” is the plural subject, and “sleep” is the plural verb that agrees with it. Since “cats” refers to multiple animals, we use the plural form of the verb “sleep.”
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Making Sense of Direct Objects
Understanding transitive and intransitive verbs helps us grasp how verbs interact with the objects of their actions. While some verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning, others stand alone without needing one.
कुछ Verbs को अपने काम को पूरा करने के लिए किसी अन्य वस्तु की आवश्यकता होती है (Transitive), जबकि कुछ नहीं होती है (Intransitive)
Transitive Verbs:
Transitive verbs are like team players—they need a buddy to complete their action. They transfer their action to a direct object, which receives the action of the verb. This direct object answers the question “What?” or “Whom?” after the verb.
Example: “She ate (verb) an apple (direct object).”
In this sentence, “ate” is the transitive verb, and “an apple” is the direct object. The verb “ate” transfers the action of eating to the direct object “an apple,” completing the meaning of the sentence.
Intransitive Verbs:
Intransitive verbs, on the other hand, are independent—they don’t require a direct object to make sense. They express an action or state that doesn’t transfer to any object.
Example: “He slept (verb) soundly (no direct object).”
Here, “slept” is the intransitive verb. It expresses the action of sleeping without transferring it to any specific object. The word “soundly” provides additional information about how he slept but is not a direct object.
Modal Verbs: Expressing Possibility, Ability, and Obligation
Modal verbs act as versatile helpers in expressing various shades of meaning, such as possibility, ability, permission, obligation, or necessity. They add depth and nuance to our language by indicating the speaker’s attitude or viewpoint towards an action or event. Modal verbs are always followed by the base form of the main verb.
Modal Verbs अलग-अलग अर्थों को संभालते हैं। वे क्रियाएँ हैं जो हमें करने की क्षमता, अनुमति, आवश्यकता या संभावना को दिखाते हैं, जैसे कि ‘कर सकता हूँ’, ‘कर सकता था’, ‘करना चाहिए’, ‘करेंगे’।
Possibility:
Modal verbs can express the likelihood or possibility of an action or event occurring. They suggest uncertainty or potentiality.
Example: “It might rain tomorrow.”
In this sentence, “might” indicates the possibility of rain tomorrow. It suggests that there is a chance of rain, but it is not certain.
Ability:
Modal verbs can also convey a person’s capability or proficiency in performing an action. They indicate someone’s skill or competence.
Example: “She can swim very well.”
Here, “can” expresses the ability of “she” to swim proficiently. It implies that she possesses the skill to swim effectively.
Obligation:
Modal verbs can signify a sense of duty, requirement, or necessity to perform an action. They suggest that something is mandatory or obligatory.
Example: “You must finish your task.”
In this sentence, “must” conveys the obligation or necessity for “you” to complete the task. It indicates that there is a requirement to do so.
Modal verbs are essential in conveying the speaker’s intentions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding actions or events. By understanding the nuances of modal verbs, we can express ourselves more accurately and effectively in various situations.
Verb Phrases and Verbals: Expanding Sentence Structure
Verbs have the remarkable ability to join forces and create more complex structures, known as verb phrases. These phrases consist of a main verb accompanied by one or more helping verbs, which work together to convey various aspects of the action or state.
सोचिए, क्रियाएं अकेली रहें तो वाक्य कितने फीके होंगे!
लेकिन जब क्रियाएं मिलकर वाक्य बनाती हैं, तो वो वाक्य कितने मजेदार और अर्थपूर्ण बन जाते हैं!
जैसे, “बिल्ली दौड़ रही है” में “दौड़ रही” एक क्रिया वाक्यांश है, जिसमें “है” (सहायक क्रिया) और “दौड़” (मुख्य क्रिया) मिलकर बिल्ली की गतिविधि को दर्शाते हैं।
Verb Phrases:
A verb phrase is like a team of words working together to express an action or state in a sentence. It typically comprises a main verb along with one or more helping verbs. Here’s a breakdown:
Main Verb: This is the key player in the verb phrase, carrying the primary meaning of the action or state. Example: “He is reading a book.”
Helping Verbs: These supportive companions assist the main verb by providing additional information about tense, mood, aspect, or voice. In the example “He is reading a book,” “is” is the helping verb indicating the present progressive tense.
Verbals:
Verbals are verb forms that act as other parts of speech, such as nouns or adjectives. They allow verbs to take on new roles and functions within a sentence. Let’s explore further:
Verbal as a Noun: Sometimes, a verb form can function as a noun, serving as the subject or object of a sentence. In the example “Swimming is her favorite activity,” “swimming” acts as a noun, representing the activity itself.
Verbal as an Adjective: Similarly, verb forms can also function as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns. For instance, “The running water” uses “running” as an adjective to describe the type of water.
Understanding verb phrases and verbals expands our ability to construct diverse and expressive sentences.
Gerunds:
Gerunds are verb forms that end in ‘-ing’ and function as nouns in a sentence. They represent actions or activities. Gerunds can serve various functions within a sentence, including subjects, objects, or complements. They function similarly to nouns, but they retain the verbal quality of expressing action.
Gerunds वे शब्द होते हैं जो ‘-ing’ से अंत में आते हैं और वाक्य में नाम की तरह कार्य का प्रदर्शन करते हैं। इनका प्रयोग कार्य की पहचान करने के लिए होता है।
Examples:
Running in the morning helps me wake up. (Subject: ‘Running’)
She enjoys walking in the garden. (Direct object: ‘walking’)
His favorite activity is fishing at the lake. (Complement: ‘fishing’)
Infinitives:
Infinitives are the base form of a verb preceded by the preposition ‘to’. They can also act as nouns, expressing purpose, intention, or action potential. Infinitives often function as subjects, objects, or complements in sentences.
Infinitives वे शब्द होते हैं जो ‘to’ के साथ use होते हैं और काम का उद्देश्य या संभावित क्रिया का प्रदर्शन करते हैं।
Examples:
To travel is my dream. (Subject: ‘to travel’)
She wants to learn how to play the guitar. (Direct object: ‘to play’)
My goal is to become a fortunate businessman. (Complement: ‘to become’)
Active voice and Passive voice
Active Voice:
Active voice is a grammatical structure where the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb. It is the most common and straightforward way of constructing sentences, providing clarity and directness in communication.
Active voice कहानी सुनाने, तथ्य बताने, निर्देश देने और अनुरोध करने का सबसे अच्छा तरीका है।
क्योंकि:
यह स्पष्टता लाता है: Active voice में, कौन क्या कर रहा है यह सीधे पता चलता है।
Examples:
The chef cooks tasty food. (Subject: ‘The chef’ performing the action)
Sarah wrote a beautiful song. (Subject: ‘Sarah’ performing the action)
Passive Voice:
Passive voice is a grammatical structure where the subject of the sentence receives the action expressed by the verb. It is used when the focus is on the action itself rather than the doer of the action. Passive voice is formed by using a form of the verb “to be” along with the past participle of the main verb.
Passive Voice में कुछ खास बातें होती हैं:
कर्ता क्रिया का भोगी: यहाँ क्रिया करने वाला (कर्ता) पीछे छिप जाता है।
कौन करता है? छुपा रहता है: वाक्य में यह स्पष्ट नहीं होता कि काम किसने किया।
ज़रूरत हो तभी use करें: Active Voice ज्यादातर स्थितियों के लिए बेहतर है।
Examples:
Delicious meals are cooked by the chef. (Subject: ‘Delicious meals’ receiving the action)
A beautiful song was written by Sarah. (Subject: ‘A beautiful song’ receiving the action)
Common Verb Errors and How to Avoid Them
Verbs are the powerhouse of sentences, but even the mightiest heroes can stumble. Common verb errors can disrupt the flow and clarity of your writing. Here’s a detailed look at some of these errors and how to steer clear of them:
Common verb errors को पहचानने और सुधारने की जरूरत है।
Subject-Verb Disagreement:
This happens when there is a disagreement in number between the subject and verb in a sentence. For instance, using a singular verb with a plural subject or vice versa.
Example of error: “The cats sleeps on the couch.”
Correction: “The cats sleep on the couch.”
To avoid this error, always ensure that the verb agrees with the subject in number. This happens when there is a disagreement in number between the subject and verb in a sentence.
Incorrect Verb Tense:
Using the wrong verb tense can confuse the timeline of events or actions in your writing. It’s essential to use the appropriate tense to convey the intended meaning accurately.
Example of error: “He will go to the store yesterday.”
Correction: “He went to the store yesterday.”
To avoid this error, pay attention to the timeframe of the action or event you’re describing and select the corresponding verb tense accordingly.
Wrong Verb Form:
Choosing the incorrect form of a verb can lead to grammatical errors and misunderstandings. This involves the incorrect usage of irregular verbs or the omission of auxiliary verbs when required.
Example of error: “She has went to the store.”
Correction: “She has gone to the store.”
To avoid this error, familiarize yourself with the correct forms of irregular verbs and pay attention to the usage of auxiliary verbs in different tenses.
Misuse of Verb Forms:
Misusing verb forms, such as gerunds, participles, or infinitives, can lead to awkward or unclear sentences.
Example of error: “I enjoy to swim.”
Correction: “I enjoy swimming.”
To avoid this error, understand the appropriate contexts for using different verb forms and choose the one that fits the sentence structure and meaning.
Lack of Consistency:
Inconsistent verb usage within a sentence or paragraph can create confusion for the reader. Ensure that you maintain consistency in tense and form throughout your writing.
Example of error: “She walked to the store and buys some groceries.”
Correction: “She walked to the store and bought some groceries.”
To avoid this error, review your writing to ensure that verbs are used consistently in terms of tense, form, and agreement.
Points to remember while using verbs in a sentence
- Ensure that the verb agrees with the subject in terms of number (singular or plural). For example, “He walks” (singular subject) versus “They walk” (plural subject).
- Consistent Verb Tense: Maintain consistency in verb tense throughout a sentence or paragraph, unless there’s a deliberate shift in time. Avoid unnecessary shifting between past, present, and future tenses.
- Avoiding Double Negatives: Be cautious with double negatives in sentences, as they can lead to confusion. For example, “I don’t have no time” should be corrected to “I don’t have any time” or “I have no time.”
- Use of Modal Verbs: Modal verbs (e.g., can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) indicate possibility, necessity, or permission. Understand their usage nuances to convey different meanings accurately.
- Phrasal Verbs: Phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by one or more particles (e.g., prepositions or adverbs), and their meaning can differ from the individual words. Learn common phrasal verbs and their meanings to improve comprehension and fluency.
- Verb Patterns: Pay attention to common verb patterns, such as verbs followed by gerunds, infinitives, or direct objects, to use them accurately in sentences. For example, “I enjoy swimming” (verb + gerund) versus “I want to swim” (verb + infinitive).
- Active Voice Preference: Whenever possible, use active voice over passive voice for clearer and more direct communication. Active voice typically makes sentences more concise and engaging.
- Use of Auxiliary Verbs: Understand the role of auxiliary verbs (e.g., be, have, do) in forming various verb tenses, passive constructions, and questions. Mastery of auxiliary verbs is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences in English.
Frequently Asked Questions about Verb
Q1: How do I identify the main verb in a sentence?
A1: The main verb in a sentence is the one that expresses the primary action or state of being. To identify it, ask yourself what the subject of the sentence is doing or what is being said about the subject. The main verb can stand alone in a sentence or be accompanied by auxiliary verbs to form different tenses.
Q2: What is the difference between regular and irregular verbs?
A2: Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern when forming their past tense and past participle forms by adding ‘-ed’ to the base form (e.g., walk-walked-walked). Irregular verbs, however, do not follow this pattern and have unique past tense and past participle forms (e.g., go-went-gone).
Q3: How do I use modal verbs correctly?
A3: Modal verbs (e.g., can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) express possibility, necessity, permission, or ability. They are followed by the base form of the main verb and can indicate different degrees of certainty or obligation depending on the context.
Q4: What are phrasal verbs and how do I use them?
A4: Phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by one or more particles (e.g., prepositions or adverbs) that change the meaning of the verb. Understanding phrasal verbs is essential for fluency in English, as they are commonly used in both informal and formal contexts. Learning phrasal verbs in context is key to mastering their usage.
Q5: What are linking verbs and how do they function in a sentence?
A5: Linking verbs, also known as copular verbs, connect the subject of a sentence with a subject complement, which provides additional information about the subject. Unlike action verbs, linking verbs do not show action but instead describe a state of being or condition. Common linking verbs include ‘be,’ ‘seem,’ ‘appear,’ ‘become,’ and ‘feel.’
Q6: How do I ensure subject-verb agreement in sentences?
A6: Subject-verb agreement refers to matching the number of the subject with the appropriate form of the verb. Singular subjects require singular verbs, and plural subjects require plural verbs. Pay attention to the subject’s number and make sure it agrees with the verb in terms of singular or plural form.
Conclusion: Acknowledging the Importance of Verbs in Communication
To sum it up, verbs are super important in how we talk to each other! They’re like the magic glue that holds our sentences together. Learning about verbs helps us express ourselves in a clearer way. So, let’s give a round of applause to verbs for making our language more effective and helpful, if you are curious to become a fluent English speaker, then join our Spoken English Course now.
Verb कि तरह आसानी से Adverb सीखने के लिए पढें Parts of Speech Part 4.
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